Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)

Working principle & Instrumentation 

DTA instrumentation 

 

Thermal analysis are Techniques in which a physical property of a substance is measured as a function of temperature whilst the substance is subjected to a controlled temperature programme certain techniques lie in this here we discuse DTA in deatail.

DTA mesures the temperature difference between the sample and refrence materila as they both undergo the same temperature programme. The record is the differential thermal or DTA curve or thermogram; the temperature difference (∆T) should be plotted on the ordinate with endothermic reactions downwards and temperature or time on the abscissa increasing from left to right. The term quantitative differential thermal analysis (quantitative DTA) covers those uses of DTA where the equipment is designed to produce quantitative results in terms of energy and/or any other physical parameter.

Sample Preparation Samples are usually finely ground and placed in a sample holder. It's crucial to have a representative sample and to account for factors like sample size and packing density, as they influence the thermal behavior.

Results interpretation The base line corresponds to the portion or portions of the DTA curve, thermogram or thermograph for which ∆T is approximately zero. 

A peak is that portion of the DTA curve which departs from and subsequently returns to the base line. 

Endothermic peaks or endotherm, is a peak where the temperature of the sample falls below that of the reference material, i.e., ∆T is negative. 

Exothermic peaks or exotherm, is a peak where the temperature of the sample rises above that of the reference material, i.e., ∆T is positive. 

Peak width is the time or temperature interval between the points of departure from and return to the base line. There are several ways of interpolating the base

line as peak height peak width , peak area etc.

DTA thermogram 

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India

 

Flag of India 

State emblem of India 

(coat of arms adopted 26 January 1950) 

Introduction of India 

India (Urdu: انڈیا) officially the Republic of India (ISO: Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area; the most populous country as of June 2023; and from the time of its independence in 15 Agust 1947, the world's most populous democracy.

The founder of India was Ghandi .

India has world's strong standing armed forces. It is a declared nuclear-weapons state, in 13 may 1998. A nuclear scientist Dr 

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam known as the Father of Indian atomic bomb.

India is ranked among the emerging and growth-leading economies, nation.

Legislative body of India

Legislature of the Union, which is called Parliament, consists of the President and two Houses, known as Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and House of the People (Lok Sabha). Each House has to meet within six months of its previous sitting. A joint sitting of two Houses can be held in certain cases.

Members are elected for 5 years through electoral process.

Parliament of India or Bharatiya Sansad

State heads

The prime minister of India (Urdu: وزِیراعظم انڈیا) is the head of government of the Republic of India. Executive authority is vested in the prime minister and his chosen cabinet, despite the president of India serving as the nominal head of executive.

Supreme court of India

The Supreme Court of India (Hindi: भारत का उच्चतम न्यायालय, IAST: Bhārat kā Uccatam Nyāyālay) is the supreme judicial authority and the highest court of the Republic of India. It is the final court of appeal for all civil and criminal cases in India. It also has the power of judicial review. The Supreme Court, which consists of the Chief Justice of India and a maximum of fellow 33 judges, has extensive powers in the form of original, appellate and advisory jurisdictions.

Supreme Court of India 

Emblem of the Supreme Court of India

Capital of India

New Delhi is the capital of India.

Largest city 

Delhi is the most populous and metro politian city in India with a population of over 30 million, followed by Mumbai with a population of over 20 million,

While Mumbai is largest city of India and finical centre.

Currancy of India

Currancy of India is Indian Rupee (₹) (INR).

Country codes

Caling code +91

Internet TLD (Top Level Domain) .in

Iso code 3166 IN

ISO 3166 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that defines codes for the names of countries, dependent territories, special areas of geographical interest, and their principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states).

National Language of India

National Language of India is Hindi ( ہندی ) but most of official work done in English instead of Hindi.

Other ethnic languages are spoken in state level included in Eihgth schedule of Constitution of india,s list the official languages are approximately 22 at state level  like Assamese,  Bengali, Boro, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Kokboro, kLepcha, Mizo, Sikkimese, all the 8th scheduled languages recognise regional languages, (except Sindhi, Kashmiri and Dogri).

Out of these 447 native languages are spoken all over the India.

Time zone

UTC+05:30 (IST)

Coordinated Universal Time or UTC is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time.

IST stand for Indian Standard Time.

DST (Day Saving Time) is not observed.

Day Saving Time is the time in which any country, changes its time officially in any season and revert back in same season again process is repeated through out.

Date format 

dd.mm.y.y.y.y

Driving side

Left drive 

Travel facilities

Transporter vechiels are available in whole India, trains and domestic air lines are available for some major cities. And boats are available for some water lock areas.

GDP year 2023

Gross Domestic products of the year 2023 is 3.737 US trillion dollars, (5th) in the world.

GDP Per capita $2,601, (139th) in the world.

GDP per capita is often considered an indicator of a country's standard of living; however, this is inaccurate because GDP per capita is not a measure of personal income.

Relegion

79.8 % Hinduism

14.2 % islam

2.3 % christainty 

1.7 % Sikhism 

0.7 % Buddhism 

0.4 % Jainism 

0.23 % Unaffiliated 

0.65 % others

Population of India 

It is the world's 1st-most populous country, with a population of almost 1.42 billion people, according to census 2023 and most populous country in the world with one-sixth of the world,s population.

Map of India 

Map of India 

Total Area

3,287,263 km square (1,269,219 square miles) 7th largest country in the world and the total land area as 3,060,500 km2 (1,181,700 sq miles)

Water percentage is 9.6 % .

Area and boundaries of India 

India is the 7th-largest country in the world by area and the 3rd-largest in Asia, spanning 3,287,263 square kilometers (1,269,219 square miles).  

India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia.

New Delhi is the nation's capital, while Mumbai is its largest city and financial center.

Cultural civilization and Heritage

India is the site of several ancient cultures, including the 8,500-year-old it is supposed that Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago. Their long occupation, initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers, has made the region highly diverse, second only to Africa in human genetic diversity. Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago, evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE. By 1200 BCE, an archaic form of Sanskrit, an Indo-European language, had diffused into India from the northwest. Its evidence today is found in the hymns of the Rigveda. Preserved by an oral tradition that was resolutely vigilant, the Rigveda records the dawning of Hinduism in India. The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern and western regions. By 400 BCE, stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism, and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen, proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity. Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin. Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity, but also marked by the declining status of women, and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief. In South India, the Middle kingdoms exported Dravidian-languages scripts and religious cultures to the kingdoms of Southeast Asia.

Indus Valley civilization of the Bronze Age, the most extensive of the civilizations of Afro-Eurasia, and the ancient Gandhara civilization. 

The regions that comprise the modern state of India were the realm of multiple empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid, the Maurya, the Kushan, the Gupta; the Umayyad Caliphate in its southern regions, the Samma, the Hindu Shahis, the  Shah Miris, the Ghaznavids, the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals, and most recently, the British Raj from 1858 to 1947.

Thats why rich in hertage and culture.

Gateway of India 

Taj Mahal India

National of India

National symbols of India 

Indian -state owned is known as National of India. Some important are given below.

• The national flag of India, colloquially called Tiraṅgā, is a horizontal rectangular tricolour flag, the colours being of India saffron, white and India green; with the Ashoka Chakra, a 24-spoke wheel, in navy blue at its centre.
• National language of India is Hindi.
• The State emblem is an adaptation from the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka. In the original, there are four lions, standing back to back, mounted on an abacus with a frieze carrying sculptures in high relief of an elephant, a galloping horse, a bull and a lion separated by intervening wheels over a bell-shaped lotus. Carved out of a single block of polished sandstone, the capital is crowned by the Wheel of the Law (Dharma Chakra).
• National currency of india is Indian Rupees.
• National motive of India "Satyameva Jayate" Sanskrit: "सत्यमेव जयते "("Truth Alone Triumphs")
• National independence day of india 15 Agust 1947.
• National Republic day of india is the day when India marks and celebrates the date on which the Constitution of India came into effect on 26 January 1950.
• National hero of India is Ghandi.
• Gandhi Jayanti is an event celebrated in India to mark the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi. It is celebrated annually on 2 October.
• National calendar of India is Saka calendar.
• National Anthem Jana Gana Mana.
• National song Vande Mataram.
• Oath of Allegiance national Pledge.

• The Indian honours system is the system of awards given to individuals for a variety of services to the Republic of India. The categories of awards are as follows:

Indian civil awards
Bharat Ratna- 1st degree of honour
Padma Vibhushan- 2nd degree of honour
Padma Bhushan- 3rd degree of honour
Padma Shri- 4th degree of honour

• Indian Military awards (Gallantry Awards) are divided below in different categories.

Wartime gallantry awards
Established on 26 January 1950 with retrospective effect from 15 August 1947.
Param Vir Chakra
Mahavir Chakra

Vir Chakra 

Peacetime gallantry awards

Ashoka Chakra

Kirti Chakra
Shaurya Chakra

These awards were instituted on 4 January 1952. These awards were renamed on 27 January 1967 as Ashoka Chakra, Kirti Chakra and Shaurya Chakra from Ashoka Chakra (Class I), Ashoka Chakra (Class II) and Ashoka Chakra (Class III) respectively.

Wartime/peacetime service awards

Sena Medal (Army) Nau Sena Medal (Navy).

Vayu Sena Medal (Air Force)

Wartime distinguished awards Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal

Uttam Yudh Seva Medal

Yudh Seva Medal

Peacetime distinguished awards Param Vishisht Seva Medal

Ati Vishisht Seva Medal

Vishisht Seva Medal

They were established on January 26, 1960

The first 3 awards in the  main Gallantary awards category that came into existence after independence are- Param Vir Chakra, Maha Vir Chakra, Vir Chakra.These awards are conferred twice a year- on Republic Day and Independence Day.The other 3 gallantry awards were introduced in 1952- Ashok Chakra Class I, Ashok Chakra Class II, Ashok Chakra Class III. Later, they were named as Ashok Chakra, Kirti Chakra and Shaurya Chakra.The gallantry Awards have a certain selection process for the recipients.

• National mausoleum of India is An immense mausoleum of white marble, built in Agra between 1631 and 1648 by order of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his favourite wife, the Taj Mahal is the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage.
• India  don’t have a singular national poet but we do award certain exceptional people as Rashtriya Kavi aka Poet of India. However, the first person that comes to mind is Rabindranath Tagore who wrote the national anthem ( Jana Gana mana )
• Father of atomic bomb scientist of India is Dr. Abdul Salaam.
• National dress of India is Dhoti, and saari is the national dress of India.
• National colure of india is not specified, but mostly orange is use.
• Jama Masjid of Delhi most probably known as national mosque, Jama Masjid also spelled Jāmiʿ Masjid, Jama Masjid of Delhi also called Masjid-i Jahān Numā, mosque in Old Delhi, India.
• National mountain of India is Kamchenjunga height is 8586. meter.
• National River of India is Ganga river.
• National aquatc animal of India is Ganges River Dolphin.
• National sport of India is Hockey.
• National flower of India is Lotus.
• National animal of India is Royal Bengal Tiger.
• National heritage animal Indian Elephant.
• National bird is Indian Peacock (Moore).
• National reptile of India is king Cobra snake.
• National library of India is the National library Kolkata.
• National Fruit of India is Mango.
• National vegetable of India is Pumpkin.
• National tree India Banyan tree.
• National drink of India is Tea (chai) .
• National food of Indian is Khichdi.
• Doordarshan (abbreviated as DD; lit. 'distant vision, television') is an Indian public service broadcaster founded by the Government of India, owned by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting and one of Prasar Bharati's two divisions.
• All india Radio or Akashvani (literary meaning "Voice from the Sky"), also known as All India Radio (AIR), is the national public radio broadcaster of India and is a division of Prasar Bharati. It was established in 1936. It is the sister service of Prasar Bharati's Doordarshan, an Indian television broadcaster.
• Indian National telecommunication is TCIL, a prime engineering and consultancy company, is a wholly owned Government of India Public Sector Enterprise under the administrative control of the Department of Telecommunications (DOT), Ministry of Communications, Government of India. TCIL was set up in 1978 for providing Indian telecom expertise in all fields of telecom, Civil and IT to developing countries around the world. 
• National steel mill of india is indian steel mill works under the ministry of steel india.
• Indian National Railway is known as Indian Railways (IR) is a statutory body under the ownership of the Ministry of Railways, Government of India that operates India's national railway system. It manages the fourth largest national railway system in the world by size, with a total route length of 68,043 km (42,280 mi), running track length of 102,831 km (63,896 mi) and track length of 128,305 km (79,725 mi) as of 31 March 2022, and 58,812 km (36,544 mi) of all the gauge routes are electrified with 25 kV 50 Hz AC electric traction as of 1 April 2023.
• Rail Bhawan is the headquarters of the Indian Railways. It is located at Raisina Road, New Delhi, near the Sansad Bhavan (Parliament House).
• Indian Railways (reporting mark) (Urdu: انڈین رلویز) is In Indian, wagons owned by the Indian Railways are marked with codes of two to four letters, these codes normally being the initials of the railway divisions concerned along with the Hindi abbreviation; for example, trains of the Western Railway zone are marked "WR" and "प रे"; those of the Central Railway zone are marked "CR" and "मध्य", etc. The codes are agreed between the railways and registered with the Ministry of Railways, Government of India.
• National Air line of India is Air India (AI) is the flag carrier airline of India, headquartered at New Delhi.
• India Post is a government-operated postal system in India, and is the trade name of the Department of Post under the Ministry of Communications. Generally known as the Post Office, it is the most widely distributed postal system in the world. Warren Hastings had taken initiative under East India Company to start the Postal Service in the country in 1766. It was initially established under the name "Company Mail". It was later modified into a service under the Crown in 1854 by Lord Dalhousie. Dalhousie introduced uniform postage rates (universal service) and helped to pass the India Post Office Act 1854 which significantly improved upon 1837 Post Office act which had introduced regular post offices in India. It created the position Director General of Post for the whole country.

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007 secret Agent , James Bond

Official website www.007.com

Inspiration for the character. Fleming based his creation on a number of individuals which he came across during his time in the Naval Intelligence Division during the Second World War, admitting that Bond "was a compound of all the secret agents and commando types I met during the war".

What does 007 stand for?

Agents in the British Secret Service with codifiers beginning in "00" are the agents with a "license to kill" in any means necessary. The "7" is simply his MI6 identification number.

Orgins of the name

There are two theories about orgin of the name.

First theory 

Fleming took the name for his character from that of the American ornithologist James Bond, a Caribbean bird expert and author of the definitive field guide Birds of the West Indies; Fleming, a keen birdwatcher himself, had a copy of Bond's guide and he later explained to the ornithologist's wife that "It struck me that this brief, unromantic, Anglo-Saxon and yet very masculine name was just what I needed, and so a second James Bond was born".

Second theory 

In 2018, it was reported that the name could have emerged from a former member of the Special Operations Executive, James Charles Bond, who had, according to released military records, served under Fleming.

Bond's code number—007—was assigned by Fleming in reference to one of British naval intelligence's key achievements of First World War: the breaking of the German diplomatic code. One of the German documents cracked and read by the British was the Zimmermann Telegram, which was coded 0075, and which was one of the factors that led to the US entering the war.

Orgin of the logo

Bondiana is one of the greatest film series of modern times, making the 007 logos well-known to fans of action-packed movies. It’s as precise as a sharp shot, embedding itself into one’s memory like a steel bullet, striking down to the cerebellum. The emblem is easily absorbed by the subconscious because it contains iconic elements of the cinematic masterpiece. It is both a key to the mystery and an instrument of vengeance.

007 is the code name for James Bond, a secret agent of British intelligence, who is a character created by Ian Fleming. The author made Bond the main character of his works. However, it was the film company Eon Productions that brought worldwide fame to this character by making films based on cult novels (with the exception of two movies). Over time, the role of 007 has been played by many outstanding contemporary actors. The number 007 itself is not a random set of digits but a decoded cipher of the German diplomatic code – one of the legendary achievements of British naval intelligence.

Although everything began long before 1961, when Harry Saltzman and Albert Broccoli bought the film rights to Fleming’s James Bond books, that period was decisive. It was then that the partnership of the two producers led to the creation of the film company Eon Productions, which focused on filming the Bondiana. After the completion of their work, the iconic logo – a black pistol – appeared on screens. It was designed by Joe Caroff from United Artists.

The long evolution of the 007 emblems is associated with changes in the design of movie posters. Various artists were hired for the job, each with their own style, so the pistol and the agent’s code number were adapted to them, not the other way around. In the end, a chain of variations of the same symbol emerged, but they didn’t make it onto the official list.

Particular attention in the iconic logo is paid to the inner corners, the thickness ratio of the digits and the pistol grip, the dynamics, italics, and other small details. In reality, this symbol looked different on posters and advertisements, as it was harmoniously integrated into the text. That is, there are many more drawn versions where the theme of the film, the country of distribution, and the year of release are taken into account.

Historical inspiration

The central figure in Ian Fleming's work is the fictional character of James Bond, an intelligence officer in the "Secret Service". Bond is also known by his code number, 007, and was a Royal Naval Reserve Commander.

During the Second World War, Ian Fleming had mentioned to friends that he wanted to write a spy novel. It was not until 1952, however, shortly before his wedding to his pregnant girlfriend, Ann Charteris, that Fleming began to write his first book, Casino Royale, to distract himself from his forthcoming nuptials. Fleming started writing the novel at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica on 17 February 1952, typing out 2,000 words in the morning, directly from his own experiences and imagination. He finished work on the manuscript in just over a month, completing it on 18 March 1952. Describing the work as his "dreadful oafish opus", Fleming showed it to an ex-girlfriend, Clare Blanchard, who advised him not to publish it at all, but that if he did so, it should be under another name. Despite that advice, Fleming went on to write a total of twelve Bond novels and two short story collections before his death on 12 August 1964. The last two books—The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy and The Living Daylights—were published posthumously.

Fleming featured Bond in another 12 novels and additional short-story collections over the next 10 years. In 1962 the 007 novel Dr. No (1958) was adapted for film. Produced by Albert (“Cubby”) Broccoli and Harry Saltzman, it initiated one of the most successful movie franchises in history. After Fleming’s death, other writers continued producing new novels and original film stories in the series.

screen actors of the Bond film series 

Bond was portrayed by several screen actors, including Sean Connery in the 1960s, Roger Moore in the ’70s and ’80s, and Pierce Brosnan in the ’90s, and Bond remained effectively ageless throughout those decades. 

However, as Daniel Craig took up the role with a new adaptation of Casino Royale (2006), the character’s history was formally restarted, establishing him definitively as a post-Cold War hero born in 1968. Beginning in the 1990s films, in response to changing social attitudes, Bond’s chauvinism was softened. The Broccoli family continues to hold the production rights on all Bond movie adaptations.

Among all one of the most famous screen actor was 

Pierce Brosnan, in full Pierce Brendan Brosnan, (born May 16, 1953, County Meath, Ireland), Irish American actor who was perhaps best known for playing James Bond in a series of films  in the ’90s,

Pierce Brosnan

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HAARP , High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program

    

The official website of HAARP research project is,

https://haarp.gi.alaska.edu

The High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program, or HAARP, is a scientific endeavor aimed at studying the properties and behavior of the ionosphere (the highest ionize part of the earth) "The ionosphere stretches roughly 50 to 400 miles above Earth's surface, right at the edge of space. Along with the neutral upper atmosphere, the ionosphere forms the boundary between Earth's lower atmosphere where we live and breathe and the vacuum of space.

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Dark web

 

The dark web is a part of the internet that isn't indexed by search engines. 

The dark web is the world wide web content that exists on darknets: overlay networks that use the Internet but require specific software, configurations, or authorization to access.

Through the dark web, private computer networks can communicate and conduct business anonymously without divulging identifying information, such as a user's location. The dark web forms a small part of the deep web, the part of the Web not indexed by web search engines, although sometimes the term deep web is mistakenly used to refer specifically to the dark web.

The darknets which constitute the dark web include small, friend-to-friend peer-to-peer networks, as well as large, popular networks such as Tor, Freenet, I2P, and Riffle operated by public organizations and individuals. Users of the dark web refer to the regular web as Clearnet due to its unencrypted nature. The Tor dark web or onionland uses the traffic anonymization technique of onion routing under the network's top-level domain suffix .onion.

Deep vs Dark web and Clear web

The terms “deep web” and “dark web” are sometimes used interchangeably, but they are not the same. Deep web refers to anything on the internet that is not indexed by and, therefore, accessible via a search engine like Google. Deep web content includes anything behind a paywall or requires sign-in credentials. It also includes any content that its owners have blocked web crawlers from indexing.

Estimates place the size of the deep web at between 96% and 99% of the internet. Only a tiny portion of the internet is accessible through a standard web browser—generally known as the “clear web” some time surface web.

No one really knows the size of the dark web, but most estimates put it at around 5% of the total internet. Again, not all the dark web is used for illicit purposes despite its ominous-sounding name.

Dark web browsers

Accessing the dark web requires the use of an anonymizing browser called Tor. The Tor browser routes your web page requests through a series of proxy servers operated by thousands of volunteers around the globe, rendering your IP address unidentifiable and untraceable. Tor works like magic, but the result is an experience that’s like the dark web itself: unpredictable, unreliable and maddeningly slow.

Dark web serch engenis

Dark web search engines exist, but even the best are challenged to keep up with the constantly shifting landscape. The experience is reminiscent of searching the web in the late 1990s. Even one of the best search engines, called Grams, returns results that are repetitive and often irrelevant to the query. Link lists like The Hidden Wiki are another option, but even indices also return a frustrating number of timed-out connections and 404 errors.

Dark web websites

Dark web websites look pretty much like any other site, but there are important differences. One is the naming structure. Instead of ending in .com or .co, dark web websites end in .onion. That’s “a special-use top level domain suffix designating an anonymous hidden service reachable via the Tor network,” according to Wikipedia. Browsers with the appropriate proxy can reach these sites, but others can’t.

Dark web websites also use a scrambled naming structure that creates URLs that are often impossible to remember. For example, a popular commerce site called Dream Market goes by the unintelligible address of “eajwlvm3z2lcca76.onion.”

Many dark websites are set up by scammers, who constantly move around to avoid the wrath of their victims. Even commerce sites that may have existed for a year or more can suddenly disappear if the owners decide to cash in and flee with the escrow money they’re holding on behalf of customers.

For sale in the dark web

The dark web has flourished thanks to bitcoin, the crypto-currency that enables two parties to conduct a trusted transaction without knowing each other’s identity. “Bitcoin has been a major factor in the growth of the dark web, and the dark web has been a big factor in the growth of bitcoin,” says Tiquet.

Nearly all dark web commerce sites conduct transactions in bitcoin or some variant, but that doesn’t mean it’s safe to do business there. The inherent anonymity of the place attracts scammers and thieves, but what do you expect when buying guns or drugs is your objective?

Dark web commerce sites have the same features as any e-retail operation, including ratings/reviews, shopping carts and forums, but there are important differences. One is quality control. When both buyers and sellers are anonymous, the credibility of any ratings system is dubious. Ratings are easily manipulated, and even sellers with long track records have been known to suddenly disappear with their customers’ crypto-coins, only to set up shop later under a different alias.

Some time secrecy compromise on dark web 

If you find your own information on the dark web, there’s precious little you can do about it, but at least you’ll know you’ve been compromised. Bottom line: If you can tolerate the lousy performance, unpredictable availability, and occasional shock factor of the dark web, it’s worth a visit. Just don’t buy anything there.

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In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) is a complex series of procedures used to help with fertility or prevent genetic problems and assist with the conception of a child.

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Sperm donation

 

Sperm donation is the provision by a man of his sperm with the intention that it be used in the artificial insemination or other "fertility treatment" of one or more women who are not his sexual partners in order that they may become pregnant by him. Where pregnancies go to full term, the sperm donor will be the biological father of every baby born from his donations.

The man is known as a sperm donor and the sperm he provides is known as "donor sperm" because the intention is that the man will give up all legal rights to any child produced from his sperm, and will not be the legal father.

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